Responding to Lithium-Ion Battery and Electric Vehicle (EV) Fires

Understanding the Risks of Lithium-Ion Battery Fires

Lithium-ion batteries contain flammable electrolytes and can undergo a process called thermal runaway when damaged, overcharged, or exposed to high temperatures. Thermal runaway is a self-sustaining chain reaction where increasing heat leads to the release of flammable gases and the generation of its own oxygen source, potentially resulting in fire or explosion. This self-sustaining characteristic makes lithium-ion battery fires particularly challenging to extinguish.

Signs of thermal runaway include:

• Smoke or odor
• Mechanical damage (cracking, bulging)
• Popping or hissing sounds
• Visible gas venting
• Rising temperature

Hazards specific to lithium-ion battery fires:

• Reignition: Lithium-ion batteries can reignite even after the initial fire is extinguished, sometimes hours or even days later. This risk of reignition underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and proper post-fire procedures.
• Toxic fumes: Burning batteries release toxic gases, including lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, and hydrogen fluoride, which pose significant health risks to firefighters and the public.
• Intense heat: These fires can burn at extremely high temperatures, increasing the risk of burns and fire spread.
• Explosion: The release of flammable gases can create an explosive environment, potentially leading to deflagration or a vapor cloud explosion.

Challenges of EV Fires Compared to Traditional Vehicle Fires

While some studies suggest that EVs may be less likely to catch fire than gasoline-powered vehicles, the consequences of an EV fire can be more severe. However, it is important to note that media coverage may tend to sensationalize EV fires due to the novelty of the technology.

EV fires present unique challenges compared to traditional vehicle fires:

• Battery location and construction: EV batteries are often located under the vehicle, making access difficult for firefighting and cooling operations. The low ground clearance of some EVs can further complicate access to the battery pack.
• Thermal runaway: The self-sustaining nature of thermal runaway requires prolonged cooling efforts, potentially extending the duration of firefighting operations.
• Chemical hazards: The toxic fumes released from burning lithium-ion batteries necessitate specific precautions and the use of appropriate PPE.
• Reignition risk: The potential for reignition requires ongoing monitoring and post-fire procedures to prevent secondary fires.
• Specialized tools: Firefighters may need specialized tools, such as piercing nozzles or underbody nozzles, to effectively cool the battery pack.

The challenges associated with EV fires underscore the need for specialized training and response strategies. Firefighters should be familiar with the specific hazards posed by EV fires and be prepared to adapt their tactics accordingly.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Lithium-Ion Battery Fires

Firefighters responding to lithium-ion battery fires must wear full personal protective equipment (PPE), including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a facepiece, to protect against toxic fumes, heat, and potential explosions.

Key PPE considerations:

• Full PPE with SCBA: Essential for all responses to lithium-ion battery fires, especially those involving EVs or damaged batteries. This includes situations where the battery's status is unknown or when operating in the immediate area of a damaged battery.
• Decontamination: PPE should be decontaminated after exposure to a lithium-ion battery fire to prevent long-term effects and remove contaminants. This may involve preliminary exposure reduction at the scene, followed by advanced cleaning.
• Handling batteries: Avoid direct contact with damaged batteries. Use non-conductive tools, such as a shovel with a wooden handle, to move them.

Firefighting Techniques and Strategies

There is no single best method for managing EV battery fires, and the chosen approach should depend on the specific circumstances. Firefighters should assess the situation, consider the available resources, and adapt their tactics accordingly.

Extinguishing Lithium-Ion Battery Fires

• Water application: Copious amounts of water are crucial for cooling the battery and suppressing flames. Large volumes of water are necessary due to the intensity and duration of these fires.
• Direct cooling: If possible, apply water directly to the battery pack, targeting the underside of the vehicle where the battery is often located.
• Avoid piercing: Do not pierce the battery compartment, as this can worsen the situation and potentially increase the risk of thermal runaway.
• Specialized agents: Consider using specialized extinguishing agents like F-500 Encapsulator Agent, which can cool the fire, encapsulate flammable electrolytes, and reduce the release of toxic gases. These agents offer advantages such as rapid suppression, non-conductivity, and minimal residue.

Strategies for EV Fires

When responding to an EV fire, firefighters should follow these key strategies:

• Establish safety zones: Maintain a safe distance from the vehicle due to the risk of explosion and toxic fumes. The recommended initial evacuation distance is 150 feet.
• Immobilize and disable the vehicle: Chock the wheels, set the emergency brake, and disconnect the 12-volt battery if it is safe to do so.
• Identify the vehicle type: Determine if it's a hybrid, electric, or other alternative fuel vehicle. This will help inform the appropriate response strategy.
• Consult Emergency Response Guides (ERGs): Refer to manufacturer-specific ERGs for vehicle shutdown procedures, battery locations, and other critical information.
• Monitor for reignition: Use a thermal imaging camera (TIC) to monitor the battery pack for signs of reignition, such as increasing temperature spots, smoke, or bulging components.

Alternative Suppression Methods

In addition to direct water application, there are alternative methods for suppressing EV fires:

Method	Description	Pros	Cons
Cool	Use fog nozzles to cool the battery pack exterior and knock down flames.	Recommended by all EV manufacturers; publicly visible action.	May not effectively cool the battery's core; high water usage; potential for water runoff contamination.
Burn	Allow the battery pack to burn itself out.	Recommended by some EV manufacturers; removes stranded energy and reduces reignition risk.	Potential for intense heat and toxic fumes; may not be suitable in all situations.
Submerge	Submerge the entire battery pack or vehicle in water.	Effectively cools the battery pack; can prevent reignition.	May not always be feasible; requires large volumes of water; potential for water contamination.

Note: These methods have varying levels of effectiveness and feasibility depending on the specific circumstances. Firefighters should carefully assess the situation and choose the most appropriate method based on the risks, available resources, and environmental considerations.

Initial Response Procedures:

When responding to a lithium-ion battery incident, the following initial response procedures are recommended:

• Dispatch: Dispatch two engines, one aerial, one ambulance, and a chief officer if available.
• Apparatus placement: Initial apparatus placement should be the same as for a fire alarm.
• Upgrade assignment: If smoke or fire is present in a building, upgrade the incident to a Desk Box assignment. Further upgrades will be at the discretion of the incident commander.

Developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs):

It is crucial for fire departments to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) specifically for EV incidents. These SOPs should provide clear guidelines for:

• PPE and SCBA usage
• Traffic management and scene safety
• Vehicle identification and stabilization
• Powering down the EV
• Fire attack options
• Water supply and management
• Hazmat considerations
• Post-fire procedures

Post-Fire Procedures

Handling Lithium-Ion Batteries and EVs After a Fire:

• Continuous monitoring: Monitor the battery pack for reignition for an extended period, even after the fire is extinguished. This is crucial because lithium-ion batteries can reignite hours or even days after the initial fire appears to be suppressed. Use a TIC to monitor for increasing temperatures, smoke, or other signs of reignition.
• Safe storage: Store damaged EVs at least 50 feet away from other vehicles or structures. This helps prevent the spread of fire in case of reignition.
• Triage and quarantine: Assess the level of damage to the battery pack and quarantine accordingly. The EVABC™ process can be used to triage damaged EVs and determine the appropriate level of quarantine.
• Inform towing companies: Advise tow truck drivers of the potential reignition risk and the need for safe handling and storage.
• Hazardous waste disposal: Dispose of damaged batteries and EVs according to hazardous waste regulations. The EPA classifies most lithium-ion batteries as hazardous waste due to their ignitability and reactivity.

Collaboration with Experts:

Post-fire procedures for lithium-ion batteries and EVs can be complex and require specialized expertise. Firefighters should collaborate with experts in the field, such as EV manufacturers, battery recyclers, and fire investigators, to ensure the safe handling, storage, and disposal of these materials.

Public Education and Prevention

In addition to responding to lithium-ion battery fires, fire departments have a crucial role to play in public education and prevention. Educating the public on the safe use, storage, and disposal of lithium-ion batteries can help prevent fires and reduce the risk of injuries.

Key messages for public education:

• Purchase reputable brands of batteries and devices.
• Avoid physical damage to batteries.
• Use original chargers and avoid overcharging.
• Store batteries in cool, dry places away from flammable materials.
• Dispose of batteries safely at designated recycling centers.

By proactively educating the public, fire departments can contribute to a safer community and reduce the incidence of lithium-ion battery fires.

Conclusion

Lithium-ion battery fires, particularly those involving EVs, present evolving challenges for the fire service. While evidence suggests that EVs may be less prone to fires than traditional vehicles, the consequences of an EV fire can be more severe due to the unique characteristics of lithium-ion batteries.

Firefighters must be prepared to adapt their tactics and knowledge to effectively manage these incidents. This includes understanding the risks of thermal runaway, taking appropriate precautions with PPE, and utilizing effective firefighting techniques. Continuous training and access to up-to-date information are essential for ensuring firefighter safety and public protection in the face of these evolving challenges.

Furthermore, collaboration with EV manufacturers, battery recyclers, and other experts is crucial for developing best practices and staying informed about the latest advancements in lithium-ion battery technology. By combining knowledge, training, and collaboration, the fire service can effectively mitigate the risks associated with lithium-ion battery fires and ensure the safety of both first responders and the public.